Essay about Heart of Darkness - Summary - 1145 Words

Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness is based on Conrad’s firsthand experience of the Congo region of West Africa. Conrad was actually sent up the Congo River to an inner station to rescue a company agent who died a few days later aboard ship. The story is told by a seaman named Charlie Marlow and is rearranged through the thoughts of an unidentified listening narrator. This story, on level, is simply about a voyage into the heart of the Congo. On another level, it is about the journey into the soul of mankind. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;On a boat anchored in the Thames River outside London, a sailor named Marlow remarks to his friends that the land they’re standing on was once a place of darkness and an uncivilized wilderness. This†¦show more content†¦After three long months of repairs, Marlow and a small crew of white people and about thirty Africans begin to journey up the river towards Kurtz’s station through a jungle setting that strikes Marlow as apprehensions, peculiar and enormous. About fifty miles before Kurtz’s station, they come across a reed hut with wood stacked for the steamboat’s fuel and a message that they should proceed with caution. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A couple of mornings later they are awaken to find themselves surrounded by a thick fog through which they hear a commotion of threatening voices. Once the fog lifts, they quickly set sail again and then find themselves assaulted by a thick shower of arrows. The white guys on the boat fire back into the brush with a haze of hysteria and Marlow steers the steamboat close to the shore to avoid difficulty and his African helmsman is killed by a spear being thrust between his ribs. Marlow tosses the dead helmsman overboard into the river in order to keep the cannibals on board to be tempted to eat him. He blows the steam boat’s whistle and the sound of the screech, the aggressors run in horror from the noise. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Soon the Marlow and his crew arrive at the Inner Station, where they are greeted excitedly by a RussianShow MoreRelatedHeart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad1378 Words   |  6 PagesBecca Woytassek AP English 12 Heart of Darkness Reading Log Author: Joseph Conrad Title: Heart of Darkness Original Publication Date: 1899 Kind of Writing: Heart of Darkness is a colonial novella of an expository narrative. Writer’s Purpose and Intended Audience Joseph Conrad wrote Heart of Darkness because he wanted to expose human temptation to experiment with darkness when one’s own desires overcome one’s morals. By writing from his own experience of exploring the Congo, Conrad draws conclusionsRead More The Role of Marlow as Narrator in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness1481 Words   |  6 PagesThe Role of Marlow as Narrator in Heart of Darkness  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Whether Marlow is, or is not, Conrad has been discussed extensively. Clearly, Marlow is both, at the same time that he is neither. Heart of Darkness is not, then, Marlows story exclusively. And if we examine it for a moment as the creation of the nameless member of Marlows audience, it takes on a different coloration. The narrators inclusion of Marlows story within his point of view appears as a deliberate attempt on his partRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article A Classic Format For Piano 1640 Words   |  7 Pagesto the pattern used in the introductory paragraph, a restatement of the thesis statement, using some of the original language or language that echoes the original language. (The restatement, however, must not be a duplicate thesis statement.) a summary of the three main points from the body of the paper. a final statement that gives the reader signals that the discussion has come to an end. (This final statement may be a call to action in an persuasive paper.) A Sample Paper 1Stephen King, creatorRead MoreThe Meaning Of Heart Of Darkness Essay1138 Words   |  5 PagesNishi Natalia AP Literature Comp The Meaning of Heart of Darkness Although, as a society, we discourage the process of not judging a book by its cover, we have all been guilty of doing it at some point. The first item we look at when we pick up a new book is the title and the cover as a whole. These are two key components when it comes to using our heuristics to decide if a book is worthwhile reading or not. With only two items to judge by, each has to hold significant importance in orderRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography Of The Heart Of Darkness1207 Words   |  5 PagesNoel Guillen Mr.Nigro English 8/12/17 The Heart of Darkness and the Secret Sharer Annotated Bibliography Zeitler, Michael. â€Å"Isolation in Heart of Darkness.† Encyclopedia of Themes in Literature, 3-Volume Set, Facts on File, 2010. Blooms Literature, online.infobase.com/HRC/Search/Details/38721?q=heart of darkness. Accessed 30 Nov. 2017. Early in the narration of the heart of the darkness, it starts as Marlow the fellow sailor traveler that has an adventuress mindset but he is a very quiet andRead MoreThe Heart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad1471 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The â€Å"Heart of Darkness† authored by Joseph Conrad is a novella (writing that seems to be a novel and also a short story in scope and length) about European Imperialism in Africa and was published by J.M. Dent $ Sons, Ltd. The novella is written in parts, from part one to part three. Joseph Conrad born in Polish Ukraine started learning English when he was twenty-one years old, he has written several books like Almayer’s Folly in 1894, Lord Jim, Nostrum, and The Secret Agent. The writingRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Stephen King983 Words   |  4 Pagesand dynamic settings and to describe people is part of his technique. 4Poe s short story The Tell-Tale Heart is a story about a young man who kills an old man who cares for him, dismembers the corpse, then goes mad when he thinks he hears the old man s heart beating beneath the floor boards under his feet as he sits and discusses the old man s absence with the police. 5In The Tell-Tale Heart, a careful reader can observe Poe s skillful manipulation of the senses. The introductory paragraphRead More Light and Dark in Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness Essay1677 Words   |  7 PagesNow and Heart of Darkness    In Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, Marlow chooses a brighter path than his counterpart in Francis Ford Coppolas Apocalypse Now, Capt. Willard. The two share in the duty of searching for and discovering Kurtz, as well as taking care of his memory, but their beliefs before encountering him place the characters at opposing ends of a theme. These opposing ends are light and dark, representing good and evil. In the opening pages of Heart of Darkness, Marlow beginsRead MoreSymbolism Of The River In Joseph Conrads Heart Of Darkness1091 Words   |  5 PagesCharles Marlow in the novella Heart of Darkness written by Joseph Conrad. Heart of Darkness is read from the narration of Marlow, an ivory transporter who travels down the Congo. Throughout his journey, Marlow develops an intense interest in the famous ivory trader Kurtz, who is portrayed as a powerful, sage, and evil man. The story is based on Marlows experiences with the encounters hes faced with and his ability to be fickle based in these encounterments. In Heart of Darkness, we see Conrad use the riverRead MoreThe Sermon On The Mount990 Words   |  4 Pagessalt as the wealth of the world which can be lost at any time, and it can never be regained. So Christians are supposed to choose stay in light rather than darkness. Though the darkness may be tempting because it involves all the riches and freedom of the earth, we are supposed to make an informed decision about choosing either light or darkness. In chapter 6, Jesus teaches us how to pray and against ungodly behavior such as judging others and adultery. Then the chapter ends with Jesus telling us we

Devil And Miss Prym Character Analysis - 832 Words

Comparison of the Devil and Miss Prym and District 9 The Devil and Miss Prym, by Paulo Coelho, and the science-fiction film District 9, produced by Sony Picture Entertainment, both show many similarities when being compared to one another. In each of these, there are multiple similarities with the characters, as well as contrasts, including the society and philosophies. Person versus fate and person versus society are just a couple of examples of conflict that happened in The Devil and Miss Prym and District 9. The Devil and Miss Prym demonstrates person versus fate. As the stranger, Carlos, comes to visit the small village of Viscos, the main character Chantal, unexpectedly crosses paths with him, and that is where it all begins. Later†¦show more content†¦Similar to District 9, where the aliens had appeared unexpectedly and completely changed the lives of the citizens who had lived there. Each family having their own opinions about what to do about the district and keeping their loved ones sheltered and how to keep their families safe, yet everyone having to find a new lifestyle with their city now demolished (Sony). Both the movie and the book show similarities to collective unconscious (Detrick â€Å"Literature†). Stoicism is shown a plethora of times throughout both the movie District 9 and the book The Devil and Miss Prym. Stoicism shows that no matter what the circumstance, happiness and success will always come out of it. Good or bad, all that matters is the response to what is happening in life, and how one controls it (Detrick â€Å"Philosophy†). In the book, Chantal Prym is trying to keep her dignity because she knows once she says something about the stranger she will be ashamed and the villagers will not have respect for her, she could lose her job. Chantal needs to find a way to get her point across without getting herself into a hole, yet saying what she needs to in order to not let the stranger down. â€Å"Tomorrow,† the stranger said. â€Å"But you seem to believe that tomorrow will come and keep putting off what I asked you don’t say something, I’ll have to do it myself† (Coelho 61). While maintaining self-control, Chantal needs to

Sun God Of Egypt Ra - 1086 Words

Angel Orellana Professor Robin Anth 1102 September 26, 2017 Sun God of Egypt Ra In ancient Egypt people believe that the sun king represented power and strength. The sun God for the ancient Egyptians represented life. The reasons that it represented life are that the sun had power, energy, light and warmth. At that time they worship the sun God Ra. People believe that he made the crops grow every season. A lot of ancient cultures marked the date as significant, since the sun is at its highest point and the concept of sun worship is as old as mankind. The dependence on the sun for life and sustenance in societies were primarily agricultural. That is why people believed in the Sun God. The Sun God started in Ancient Egypt where Ra comes†¦show more content†¦This shows the importance of how the Sun God Ra was important to people. The reason was that he was referred to â€Å"Re† and â€Å"father of gods† which means that every god should have a representation of him since he is the god of creation and the sun. Ra was recogn ized as a religious figure and capture the environment when Ra was related to the Sun Boat of Ra. â€Å"The Sun Boat was a great ship, called the Barque of Ages , in which Ra and his companion gods sailed through the sky giving light to the world and then through the perilous journey of the night, sailing through the underworld. The companion gods of Ra helped defend the sun god against the Serpent god Apep, which represented the victory of right over wrong†¦ There were many prayers and spells to help Ra and the sun boat overcome Apep the evil serpent†. This shows how Ra the sun God was recognized as the chosen to defeat the evilness. People view him as the light to the world and view him as a God since they pray for him. This is where Ra, the god sun is view as a religious figure. Ra was part of the Tree of life. â€Å"The sun temple located in the City of Heliopolis, Egypt, was dedicated to Ra, the Supreme Solar God, and housed the Tree of Life. The fruit of the Tree of Life gave Eternal Life and the Knowledge of the Divine Plan, a map of destiny. The fruit of the Tree of Life was not available to mortals, only in the rituals relatingShow MoreRelatedAncient Egyp Gods and Godesses: From A to Z1331 Words   |  6 PagesAnubis was the Egyptian god of embalming and the keeper of secrets. He was associated with the mummification and protection of the dead and journey to the afterlife. He was portrayed man with a jackal’s head, or in jackal form holding a flail in the crook of his arm and wearing a ribbon. In the Old Kingdom he was the most important God, where he was associated with the burial of the pharaoh. He was very important because the Egyptians worshiped two things: 1. the gods and 2. The dead. The ancientRead MoreHow Did Astronomy Affect Early Egypt?1537 Words   |  7 Pagesient Egypt was an established civilization of Northeastern Africa. Located near the lower half of the Nile River, it was an extremely sophisticated civiliz ation for its time. The Egyptians were especially intelligent in agriculture and infrastructure. They had pyramids and temples, that were places of worship and used for religious matter. Basic buildings that were used for things like banking and irrigations systems used to control flooding. The Egyptians were able to adjust and modify to theirRead MoreAncient Egypt : Religion And Religion1374 Words   |  6 Pages Egypt is country with lots of religious connections. Religion in Egypt helped the communities come together and created understandings and shared values. Aspects of Egyptian life like law and art were connected with religion. Gods were represented with many things in nature like animals. Religion and life were very combined. Many aspects of Egyptian culture and civilization are connected with religion. Nature aspects like the sun and river is answered with what the gods do in mythology. AncientRead MoreThe Mysteries Of Ancient Egypt1572 Words   |  7 PagesMysteries of ancient Egypt attracted the attention of archeologists and ordinary people for many centuries. An enormous impact on the history of Egypt was religion, it shaped the everyday life of all the egyptians. They wanted an afterlife in Aaru, heaven. It was the ultimate goal. People s lives were rotating around religion, and everything that was tangent to it. The peculiarity of religious beliefs of the ancient Egyptians developed because of the geographical location of the state. Around 3000Read MoreThe Creation of Gods667 Words   |  3 Pages The Creation of Gods To every mythology, there has to be a beginning. Mythology is stories that can bring that hero look to kids or even adults. The story of the gods, even the leader or the strongest god has a weakness, also every god has a father and a mother that created them. Nobody, knows how they were created, but that is why this essay, or story was created. Zeus was born by the titans Cronus and Rhea. Cronus was evilly known for being a very jealous and greedyRead MoreGeography And Climate : Ancient Egypt1443 Words   |  6 Pages Location, Geography and Climate Ancient Egypt is known to have been the world’s longest lasting civilization due to their unique climatic and geographic conditions, a stable hierarchical society of government, and a religion that revolves around death and afterlife. Egypt’s glory went on for over four millennia from around 5500 B.C.E. to its conquest by the Greek in 332 B.C.E. Egypt is located in the northern edge of the Sahara desert, with the river Nile dissecting the land from the south toRead MoreNile River Impact Of Egypt1163 Words   |  5 PagesThe Nile River helped Egypt economically, socially, and religiously, and as a result Egypt was named â€Å"the Gift of the Nile† because of the given history of these great waters. The Nile has continued for centuries to provide whats necessary for the people of Egypt and their daily lives. The Nile River is truly a blessing to these people and Egypt would not be the same without it. Without the Nile, Egypt would have remained a hot desert. The people would have not been able to survive because thereRead MoreThe Temples Of Egypt And Ancient Egypt1423 Words   |  6 PagesThe temples of Egypt were (and still are) associated with a great deal of religious value. The temples were built to be the homes of the gods and goddesses of the land. Ancient Egyptians believed in the importance of pleasing thei r gods. As a result, they ensured that beautiful and magnificent temples were built to be the homes of these gods. In this regard, these temples were also used as places of worship (Redford, 1971). These temples were therefore the places where the Egyptians spent most ofRead MoreThe Temples Of Egypt And Ancient Egypt1397 Words   |  6 PagesThe temples of Egypt were and still are associated with a great deal of religious value. The temples were built to be the homes of the gods and goddesses of the land. Ancient Egyptians believed in the importance of pleasing their gods. As a result, they ensured that beautiful and magnificent temples were built to be the homes of these gods. In this regard, these temples were also used as places of worship. These temples were therefore the places where the Egyptians spent most of their time performingRead MoreThe Hymn Of The Nile857 Words   |  4 Pages Ancient Egypt believed in many gods, making them polytheistic. One of their major gods was Ra, the god of the sun. They believed in a process called mummification. Mummification is a process that an important man in Egypt had to go through before going into the afterlife. The afterlife was very important to the Egyptians because they believed in second chances in life. Osiris and Anubis would judge an individual s heart to the feather of Ma’at. If the heart outweighed the feather, then Ammut

Managing Human Resource in McDonald

Question: Discuss about the Managing Human Resource in McDonald. Answer: Introduction: Hiring employees is an important factor in creating a tough workforce that is only going to deliver better results in future. Selecting right employees is key and retaining the same is even more important. Organizations are coming into terms with the competition that is increasing with every passing day in retaining good employees with attractive salary. Each industry witnesses a different level of retention of employees where there is evidence of some organizations suffering internally. Provision of maximum satisfaction is essential to employees as an organization is built around its people and much of its profitability and performance depends on the employees (McCloskey, McDonald Cook, 2013). McDonalds Australia is a big player in the sector of fast food restaurant chain employing 75000 people. The main aim of this essay is to focus on the recognition schemes of McDonalds and the ways it has been successful in shaping up future leaders from within an organization. The recognition scheme of McDonalds is studied in details to appreciate the importance it holds in shaping up of future leaders. Different theories are also taken in to understand the ways they are applied in the policies and strategies of McDonalds. Moreover, the organizational perspective of non-profit seeking organizations is also taken into consideration and whether it has the ability to perform like a profit-seeking organization like McDonalds. This essay is all about the increase of employee motivation through rewards and recognition, which in turn helps in their retention. McDonalds human resource department plays an important part in determining the quality of the workforce and the attainment of eventual goals. The HR department of McDonalds is responsible for selecting the right candidates possessing the right skills and knowledge that comes at right cost. Ample training is required for employees, which needs to be properly kept track of. It is the responsibility of the HR department to keep focus on the compensatory matters of employees along with training, administration and employee recognition (Fallon Rice, 2015). Recruitment should be the time when companies should take account of retention factors. Retention is only possible if the HR department recruits the right people for the right job. McDonalds recruitment policy has been one of the best as the focus has been directed towards the ability of the candidate matching with the objectives of the company (Wilkinson Johnstone, 2016). It is the duty of the Human Resource Management to deal with the Human nature of an organization where encouragement is provided to new talent along with allowing the best potentials to flourish and protect the future of the organization. McDonalds DNA boasts of passion of employees where each team member illustrates adequate interest in engaging oneself in teamwork and shaping a team that enables the restaurants to remain triumphant, even though the teams are different for all its chain of restaurants. Mystery shoppers play a significant part in determining the top employees of McDonalds eligible for company awards and recognition. Even the managers of McDonalds restaurants are eligible to obtain a quarterly bonus based on the measures that are being estimated equally like the score of mystery shopper, efficiency and augmentation in sales. Motivation is essential for everybody and what better way than giving recognition to employees who have strived hard and given their best for the company over a period (Frey, Bayn Totzek, 2013). Recognition of some would be an example for many to motivate them and follow their examples and work hard to gain their own. Customer service is an important factor for McDonalds and its focus should always be on providing the best possible service to employees, both new and loyal. Restaurant of the Year, Restaurant of the Quarter are some of the titles that is made eligible for both the franchises and the restaurants owned by companies (Aguinis, Joo Gottfredson, 2013). McDonalds motivation and recognition schemes boasts of rewards and recognitions like service awards, champion of the month, identifying service of employees and Ray Kroc Award for Business Managers. Recognition and rewards are those factors that create a healthy competition among the employees within an organization. The company believes in maintaining a balanced recognition scheme that is upgraded repeatedly, exploiting the employees motivation. McDonalds believes in changing and regulating its recognition programs in a way that it attracts the employees. The last few years has seen the comprehension of employee of the month scheme of McDonalds into its Olympic Champion Crew (OCC) submission, for which it acknowledged, Most Motivational Benefits at the Employee Benefits Awards ceremony in 2013 . McDonalds is a company that witnesses the process of recruitment all through the year. McDonalds have been recruiting from both its internal and external sources, though to fill up its managerial and leadership positions it pushes in candidates from within the organization. It can be concluded that McDonalds leaders are products of their own system, which is somewhat beneficial from the viewpoint of the company. It so happens that McDonalds believes in shaping their own leaders from the start, which helps in reducing cost and process related to training. Such employees who are promoted to top positions internally take less or no time to adapt and get going, with reports suggesting that around 50% of its managers and leaders are from within the company. Those employees are well aware of the working procedure of the company the policies and regulations they abide by. McDonalds has always had belief on its people and that is evident from the amount they invest on their human capital. Th e company has understood the principle of valuing the one that matters the most. McDonalds organizational structure has been depicted to be a distinctive one with management stressing on five important strategy positions like price, place, people, products and promotion. Assessment of employees is apparent from the verity that McDonalds endows $40 million in its training process, more fro people that are in the frontline crew. McDonalds implies various training programs for different factors like motivating its workforce to be customary, improving their job satisfaction and plummeting of labor turnover. Training programs are an essential part of any organization, and it should be held regularly to augment the skill factor of previous employees and helping them in surviving the effects of labor shortage. Technological aspects along with new equipments are other factors that McDonalds should take into account in offering training to its employees. The human resource planning and the goals of the organization have always been amalgamated and depicted to be McDonalds Corporations important facade. For achieving the goals of the organization, it is imperative to recruit the right candidates and using them in proper manner to get the best out of them (Bradler et al., 2016). All the employees of McDonalds play an important part in the operations of the company, upgrading their skills through proper training to be acquainted with latest technologies. Retaining employees who are of immense value would never be a problem if companies recruit the candidates who have the potential to perform in the long-run and be effective (Mountford, 2013). The main problem that crops up, if proper candidates are not taken in is this can lead to job disappointment, reduced efficiency level, high malingering level, dismissal, and replacement of employees. McDonalds need to evaluate and assess its position and forecast on the fact whether it does boast of candidates who have it in them to serve the organization in the long run. McDonalds is a company that has provided recognition to employees those who have strived hard, shown dedication and enough motivation to perform in a way that is beneficial from the organizations perspective (De Gieter Hofmans, 2015). Admiration can come in assorted forms from managers saying a simple well done job to the appreciation that comes from every nook and corner of the organization like management leadership admiration and Employee of the Month design. Rewards and benefits are at plenty in McDonalds, which also includes competitive salary packages other benefits, related to performance to develop skill intensification. Employees of McDonalds who are fully employed are qualified for benefits like Comprehensive Group Insurance plan offering insurances in dental and life (Paill, 2013). There are certain connections between the HRM concepts of McDonalds and the motivation theories. According to Taylors scientific management theory, money has been concerned as single motivator. This theory is trying to resolve the ways of performing a task. It advocates pay by a piece rate technique on fair days pay. It implies that works put their best foot forward and perform better to receive bonus. this theory states that competitive wages are a part of the payment policy of McDonalds, very similar to the method of piece rate in Taylors scientific management (ArunKumar, 2014). A simple equation of employees is that if they put in those extra hours of work and perform in a way desired by the company, they can achieve greater salary. However, for McDonalds, wages is not the only motivating factor, it offers other things like flexible working hours, discounted meals and certain other fringe benefits to play the part of motivator (Rayton Yalabik, 2014). According to the Two-factor theory of Herzberg, factors that have the ability to motivate employees were classified into hygiene factors and motivators. For motivators it has always been the job related interest and the future prospects that provides employees with the required job satisfaction (Dias, 2016). Apart from the salary that the organization offers, job satisfaction is another feature that eases of the issue of retaining good caliber employees. Hygiene factors include the safe working environment that if not provided can often lead to employee dissatisfaction. McDonalds have been using this theory to perfection. The rewards that their employees achieve from displaying great performances, and the chances that exists in the future development of themselves, works as a motivating factor for employees (Gursoy, Chi Karadag, 2013). McDonalds may sometimes try to motivate their employees by their work as an alternative of hygiene factors that includes the salary part. According to Douglas McGregor, employees are divided into two completely different types: one being Theory X comprising of people who are selfish, does not like to work hard and needs to be monitored and controlled, the other being Theory Y that consists of people who enjoy their work, enjoys responsibility when motivated and have proper job knowledge (Mondy Martocchio, 2016). There is certain difference between the people divided in segments of Theory X and Theory Y, motivated with the money that comes from performing a job or other needs. In case of Theory X the assumption is people are motivated only by the money factor, but for people in Theory Y it is something quite opposite (Talwar Thakur, (2016). McDonalds has always been able to attain the motivation of their workers produced from various factors exclusive of the wage aspect. Therefore, it can be concluded that McDonalds are never encouraged to recruit or attract employees that fall in the category of Theory X. On the othe r hand, McDonalds put enough importance on its flexible hours which is one of their important facet of HR policies. However, several researchers have pointed out that recognition and rewards cannot be the only factor that provides job satisfaction to employees. The employees need to believe that the effort they would put in would actually lead them to be recognized and rewarded for the same (Allisey et al., 2014). McDonalds employees view of the rewards and recognition schemes can be adversely affected if they do not consider those to be equitable. This might lead to downfall in the performance of employees. The expectancy theory states that employee performance and rewards are directly related with an increase in the number of rewards would in turn increase the efforts of employees along with their motivation (Martins, Rindova Greenbaum, 2015). However, it can be pointed out that providing benefits related to money helps increasing extrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation takes care of rewards and compensatory benefits whereas intrinsic motivation is all about the work and the satisfaction it provides to its workers. The pay and reward program of McDonalds is based on the attitude of pay for performance. The belief of the company has always been on the fact that results need to be enhanced to achieve the objective of opportunities regarding pay. This program of McDonalds generally takes in stuffs like short term incentives, basic pays, long term incentives and company car programs. These sort of rewards always helps in increasing the motivational factor of employees to perform better and take immense pleasure out of those benefits. However, it can be concluded that motivating employees is one of the toughest jobs in the world where employees might at times feel lethargic of performing the same tasks on a repeated basis (Shvetsova, 2016, October). Employee needs vary that keeps shifting its base under different circumstances, making it complicated for employers to fulfill all the demands of employees at single point of time (Shields et al., 2015). Non-profit organizations need to focus on selecting both the volunteers and the staffs as both plays important role in the sustainability factor of the organization. Even non-profit organizations need trainings and recognitions for their employees so that they get motivation out of the work they perform. Non-profit seeking organizations are more into social work and the younger graduates are showing keen interest in joining these organizations and having a career out of it (Li et al., 2014). They believe that working in these organizations would earn them social recognition in life. Motives vary in case of profit-seeking organizations like McDonalds and that of non-profit seeking organizations like Spastic Center. A manager working in a non-profit seeking organization needs to motivate its employees more in order to get the best out of them. The financial capability of non-profit seeking organizations is limited and restricted to an extent where Spastic Center can only spend $16500 o ther than the salaries, whereas, McDonalds invests around $$0 million annually in its training programs for employees. The case of volunteers is even more difficult to handle in case of non-profit seeking organizations, though volunteers have always been an essential part and plan of non-profit organizations. Harsh treatment is meted out to volunteers at times that can lead to adverse effects on other volunteers of the organization. No matter what organization is being focused on, an individuals emotions should always have the value it deserves. At times the managers of non-profit organizations are not able to establish associations with the volunteers the way the organization would have liked which brings about its downfall. However, the same is not the case with may be a manager of a McDonalds restaurant who values his employees or staffs the way they want it to be. Organizations like Spastic Center should clearly specify their employees and volunteers about the job role and requirements along with training and orientation. Spastic Center manages their progression towards employee benefits, employe e compensation and policies. Organizations like Spastic Center have limited budget, affording either full time or part time help which at times seems a thing of luxury. It can be concluded that organizations such as McDonalds comprises of reward and recognition programs that have always motivated employees to better their performance. Employees grow with organizations they work in, and the career progression path of an organization helps employees to perform better in achieving their desired results. Every employee has a goal of their own and those goals only become viable if organizations provide them the required path towards success. HRM policies have always proved beneficial for McDonalds that has led the company to achieve and grow. Organization like the non-profit Spastic Center have identified that retaining employees needs to be achieved through either good salary or the career progression. Non-profit organizations have started offering other fringe benefits to attract employees. Reference: Aguinis, H., Joo, H., Gottfredson, R. K. (2013). What monetary rewards can and cannot do: How to show employees the money.Business Horizons,56(2), 241-249. Allisey, A. F., Noblet, A. J., Lamontagne, A. D., Houdmont, J. (2014). 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J., McDonald, M. A., Cook, J. (2013). Community engagement: definitions and organizing concepts from the literature. Mondy, R., Martocchio, J. J. (2016). Human resource management.Human Resource Management, Global Edition. Mountford, H. (2013). I'll take care of you: the use of supportive work practices to retain older workers.Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources,51(3), 272-291. Paill, P. (2013). Organizational citizenship behaviour and employee retention: how important are turnover cognitions?.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,24(4), 768-790. Rayton, B. A., Yalabik, Z. Y. (2014). Work engagement, psychological contract breach and job satisfaction.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(17), 2382-2400. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., ... Plimmer, G. (2015).Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Shvetsova, O. A. (2016, October). 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Art Under Napoleon free essay sample

In 1794 Jacques-Louis David barely escapes death, due to his connections in the revolutionary war. He stood trial and went to prison. After his release he worked hard to reconstitute his career. The highlight of his career is when Napoleon asked Jacques-Louis David to work for him. Of course David accepted. Napoleon knew that David was a very accomplished artist, whom style was Neoclassical-Idealist painter. Napoleon favored painting of the classical times and of the Roman renaissance masters (Kleiner 2006). In reading, we will compare paintings by David, The Oath of Horatti and the Coronation of Napoleon. He also conquered enlightenment, so each subject matter to be of a moral, noble standing and conflict. David was born in Paris on August 30, 1748. His well to do parents sent him to school with the rococo manner, his eminent painter Francois Boucher, to whom David was apparently distantly related. Perhaps because of his own advancement David study under Joseph Vien, a painter who had been attracted by the new wave of interest in antiquity while study in Rome. In 1771 David won second place in the Prix de Rome completion. It was not until 3 years later and after some severe mental frustrations that he won the first prize for the painting Antiochus Dying for Love of Stratonice (Anonymous, 2011). David went to Rome in 1775 in the company of Vien; David studied the ancient architectural monuments, marble reliefs and freestanding statues. In addition, he strove for a clearer understanding of the classical principles under laying the styles of the Renaissance and baroque masters Raphael, the Carracci, Domenichino, and Guido Reni. He was admitted to the French academy in1783 with his painting, Andromache by the Hector (Anonymous, 2011). When the French war broke out in 1789, David threw in his lot with the Jacobins, the radical and militant revolutionary faction. He accepted the role of de facto minister of propaganda; He arranged political pageants, and ceremonies that included floats, costumes, and sculptural props. David believed that art could play an important role in educating the public and that dramatic paintings emphasizing patriotism and civic virtue would prove effective as rallying calls. However, rather than continuing to create artworks focused on scenes from antiquity, David began to portray scenes from the French Revolution itself. David intended Death of Marat not only to serve as a record of an important event in the struggle to overthrow the monarchy but also to provide inspiration and encouragement to the revolutionary forces. A writer friend of David’s was tragically killed; he depicted his friend’s death into that portrait (Kleiner, 2006). His friend was named Charlotte Corday (1768-1793) a member of a rival political faction, stabbed him to death in his medicinal bath. (He suffered from a painful skin disease. ) David presented the scene with directness and clarity. The cold neutral space above Marat’s figure slumped in the tub produces a chilling oppressiveness. The painter vividly placed narrative details-the knife, the wound, the blood, the letter with which the young woman gained entrance-to sharpen the sense of pain an outrage and to comfort viewers with the scene itself. Death of Marat is convincingly real and yet David masterfully composed the painting to present Marat as a tragic martyr who died in the service of the revolution (Kleiner, 2006). The following year David returned to Rome to paint Oath of Horatti, a work in which immediately acclaimed a masterpiece both in Italy and in France. There are more to come within the next five years. With the French revolution in full swing, David for a time stopped painting with his classical approach and began to paint scenes describing contemporary events. David began to paint martyred heroes in the fight for freedom (Galitz, 2004). Napoleon hired Jacques-Louis David to paint for all his empire desires and aspirations. These paintings were emotional works of art, not only did David portray the feelings of the characters inside the paintings perfectly, and he was also able to create deep emotions with his audiences as well. Unfortunately David’s paintings showed wars and the results of them were brutal. David’s most famous paintings of the time were the Oath of Horatti and Coronation of Napoleon, and they were obviously painted for political propaganda purposes because of their content. Napoleon Bonaparte was born in France in the year of 1769 and grew up to over throw the Monarchy. In 1799, after serving in various French army commands, including major campaigns in Italy and Egypt, Napoleon became first consul of the French Republic, a title with clear and intentional links to the ancient Rome Republic. In May 1804, he became the King of Italy. Napoleon was very aware of David’s talents. He knew David had a sharp â€Å"understanding of cult of political personality and the sophisticated craft of shaping public image† (Anonymous, 2001). The Coronation of Napoleon was the name of the painting done for the new Emperor of France. The celebration was held at the Paris’s Notre-Dame Cathedral on December 1804 (Kleiner, 2006). In the painting, David, has painted the Pius lifting his hands in a half-hearted blessing gesture. He also lowers the Popes chair so that Napoleon’s would appear relatively larger, with his back symbolically turned towards the dwarfed and older man. It also included 150 guests from pomp and pageantry, to help in celebration. In this painting Napoleons mother was late arriving in Paris (in time to miss it) but Napoleon, instructed David to paint her in. David painted Josephine (Napoleons wife) with her kneeling to receive her crown. David does make other adjustments to the paintings to make her look better for his works. David conceptually divided the painting to reveal polarities. David painted the pope, priests, representing the Catholic Church on one right, contrasting with members of the Imperial court on the left. For the painting commemorating the occasion, the emperor insisted that David depict the moment when, having already crowned himself which create more tension between state and church Napoleon placed a wreath upon his wife’s head, further underscoring his authority even more (Galitz, 2004). This focus on Josephine’s crowing, some historians believe, was also away to highlight the future of Napoleonic Empire. This was the woman after all, who would (theoretically) bear Napoleon’s heir. To that end, David painted the 41 year old Empress to appear much younger than she does in a far more sensitive, intimate pencil sketch. When a visitor to his studio noted that David had made Josephine look in the final painted version-where she loses the double chin from the tender drawing-the painter retorted: â€Å"Eh bien, allez le lul dirre! (Yeah? Go tell that to her that) (Anonymous, 2011). Others in attendance of the festivities and the painting was, besides Napoleon and his wife Josephine and Pope Pius VII others were Joseph and Louis Bonaparte, Napoleon’s ministers, the retinues of the emperor and empress, and a representative group of clergy, as well as David himself, seated among the rows of spectators in the balconies. Despite the artist’s apparent fidelity to historical fact studies show that David made adjustments to his drawing at Napoleons request. An example, he had David paint the pope’s hand in a blessing position, and his mother to be painted in the center background when in fact she was not in company (Kleiner, 2006). Although David had to incorporate numerous figures in lavish pageantry in his painting, he retained the structured composition central to the Neo-classical style of painting. Like his Oath of the Horatii, David presented the action as if it were on theater stage, which in this instance it is literally the case, even if the stage Percier and Fontaine constructed was inside a church. In addition, as he did in his arrangements of men and women in the Oath of Horatii. David conceptually divided the painting to reveal polarizers (he divided them into sections. ) The pope, prelates, and priests representing the Catholic Church appear on the right, contrasting with members of Napoleon’s Imperial court on the left. The relationship between church and state was one of this period’s most contentious issues. Napoleon’s decision to crown himself, rather than to allow the people to perform the coronation, as was traditional, reflected Napoleon’s concern about the power relationship between church and state. For the painting commemorating the occasion, the emperor insisted that Napoleon places a crown on his wife’s head, further underscoring his authority. Thus the painting represents a visual document in the tradition of history. It is also a more complex statement about the changing politics in Napoleonic France (Kleiner, 2006). Artists also will use devices to help in the development of a painting. Some use dramatic, mythology, poetry, and situations for ideas. When painting, no one model (figure) is dominate. They will even hire models to pose for them; it may take hours maybe even days of sitting in the same place in the same pose before the artist is finished. They will make their own props; by sewing clothing or hats to make a scene complete. David having had experience with the military and now working with Napoleon had the tools and experience for his first place painting the Oath of Horatii which brought him much fame and fortune (Haggo, 2010). David’s painting of the Oath of Horatti was completed in 1784. David embodies the neo-classical style in this painting as well as the Coronation of Napoleon. The Oath of Horatti illustrates the event written in the Livy’s history of Rome. This painting was an instant success and was proclaimed â€Å"the importance of reason and the intellect over and above feeling and sentiment, and it defended the ideals of male and self- sacrifice in the interest of one’s country† (Tate, B. 2011). In the painting of the Oath of Horatti, we look upon a scene in ancient Rome, In a Roman families’ dispute. David presents the sons individuals by stressing differences in facial features and uniforms. But the threat to their country demands the suppression of individually. To underline the son’s solidarity, David gives them almost identical poses. We come to the house of Horatti, with three brothers are standing together hulled in a group silent and calm (neoclassic) muscular, and toned, and instructed with the belief that State First, the three brothers arms stretched out and fingers are just millimeters way from the blades that are held out by their father to ready for war, they are about to fight the Curiatii Family to decide war between the nations (Haggo, 2010). The bearded father stands in the middle in a red cloak, legs flexed to keep his balance while holding the massively sharp swords, facing his three sons. He stands with authority and pride. Then our eyes naturally move to the next focal point, which being the next large group of huge swords that the Horatius Father holds in his expansive arms. Horatti address his sons independently stressing their facial features and uniforms that each wore. But a threat to their country demands the suppression of individually to underline the son’s solidarity. David gives them almost the same position and one brothers hand on the others waist (Kleiner, F. 2006). In the front to the left of the painting is a groups of women huddled together these women are dressed in silken garments seemly melting into tender expressions. Their despair is partly due to the fact that they may lose one or all their men in battle. One of the Horatti men was married to a Curiatii women sitting on the bench, a sister was engaged to the Curiatii man. Then in the back in the dark a woman is sitting in the dark and tries to hide a child’s face from what would be happening with just one word. The woman behind in the corner with the young child is said to be the mother to the three men, and the grandmother to whom she holds a small child in a protective manner, suggesting fright of the present surroundings. Unlike Horatti who is willing to sacrifice his family in exchange for state (Haggo, 2010). There was scarcely a young painter of the following generation who was not influenced by David’s style, a style which had within it such diverse aspects as classicism, realism, and romanticism, and humanism among his foremost pupils, each of whom developed various different facets of his style, was Antoine Jean, Baron Gros, Pierre Narcisse Guerin, Francois Gerard, Girodet de Roucy-Trioson, and perhaps most important, Jean-Auguste-Dominique. In portraiture, the carefully molded and polished surfaces of works by Gerard, Gros, and Girodet-all students of David reflect the legacy of their master. In his 1823 portrait of Madame Reizet, Girodet, whose portraits were in great demand, convincingly renders the varying textures of fur, velvet, lace, and flesh, creating a smooth surface with no visible brushwork. Yet another Davidian, Ingres, who was briefly in David’s studio in the late 1790’s, would transform his master’s neoclassical portrait model in the nineteenth century. While the precise draftsmanship of his portrait drawings attests to his training under David, the stylized contours and anatomical distortions characteristic of his painted portraits subvert David’s Model. In his pair of portraits of the LeBlanc’s, Ingres flattens forms and elongates limbs; such stylized abstractions counter the almost hyperrealism of such fabrics as the cashmere shawl and tulle sleeves. He creates a similar dialogue in his portrait of the princess de Broglie of 1853 the virtuoso rendering of the multiple folds of her silk skirt, the tufted damask chair, and the marabou feathers of her hair ornament counters the mannered elongation of her arms, her seemly boneless fingers, and her idealized face (Galitz, 2004). By the 1820’s the new romantic style, with its free handling of paint and expanded repertoire of subjects, offered an alternative to Davidian neoclassicism. David himself has been exiled to Belgium in 1816, where he died in 1825, and his studio was run by his loyal pupil Gros until his own death in 1835. In pursing the stylistic alternative that Romanticism offered, French, artist looked beyond their borders, emulating British prototypes, particularly in landscape and portraiture. In addition, the boundaries between Neoclassicism and Romanticism blurred, as evidence in the works of many of David pupils. By 1840, then, the emergence of an artist such as Theodore Chasse Riau, whose hybrid style fuses Davidian classicism-which he learned in Ingres’ studio-with the Romantic painterliness and exotic subjects of Eugene Delacroix, captures the contradictory stylistic impulses of his generation (Galitz, 2004). With Bonaparte’s defeat at waterloo and the subsequent restorations of the Bourbons, aid tried to retreat into quiet seclusion, but his earlier politician affiliation and more particularly, his actions during the heat of the Revolution were not calculated to warm his relations with the new rulers. He was declared persona non grata and fled. After short time he settled in Brussels, where he continued to paint until his death on Dec. 29, 1825. His family’s urgent request that his ashes returned to France was denied. To the drawings, fans of all things shinny will enjoy the display of regalia, swords, and scepters used in the actual ceremony. Most of these the heavily symbolic objects were supposed to have belonged to the emperor Charlemagne himself. This was another politically expedient, if not entirely accurate link to the past. The whole event with its carefully elaborated references to both past and to the future-took five hours and demanded several costume changes by the Emperor. The white satin tunic that Napoleon wore while the pope anointed his head and hands in oil (the part of the ceremony to which Le Sacre actually refers) is here, but the Imperial robes and gold Laurel wreath depicted in the painting were intentionally destroyed in1819. Only one leaf from the original crown remains, encased like a saint’s relic. In 1819, the cult of personality that Napoleon had masterfully created was too dangerous for his Bourbon successors to have his holy relics lying around. But 200 years later, we can marvel as its creation from safer – and enormously edifying distance (Anonymous, 2011). As we come to the end of our journey looking into some of the works of Jacques-Louis David, we find that he painted, and sketched over hundreds canvas. The two masterpieces that that are here in these few pages were those painted under royal patronage and for his country. Even though it would be two years before the revolution, his painting Oath of the Horatti became semiofficial voice of the French Revolution because the painting shows country before family. The voices of France say Napoleon â€Å"He is a symbol of France and the origin of our law†. His reign did not last, but not without many men who lost their lives. David, as a craftsman of his trade he used different devices and techniques to accomplish his works. David went on to be a phoenix-like recovery and become Napoleons image maker. David painted both painting with state before family, he became something even with the mistakes he made in 1794, and Jacques-Louis David barely escapes death, due to his connections in the revolutionary war. He stood trial and went to prison and almost lost his mind. After his release he had to work hard to reconstitute his career. That is exactly what he did, and he will be forever History for his fine works of Art.

Social and Criminal Justice Responses to Sex Work

Introduction Prostitution is recognized as one of the oldest professions in the world, and the practice of renting and hiring female bodies for certain monetary compensation has existed in human community for thousands of years.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social and Criminal Justice Responses to Sex Work specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Regardless of the prolonged history of sex industry, it has been ignored until recently because of moral considerations. Blaming sex workers for their choice and regarding them inferior to other people, the community and legislators disregarded the instances of their assaults, not providing them with the necessary protection. The negative attitude of the community and the criminalization of sex works made workers of his industry vulnerable and susceptible for the physical assaults of men in the street, their customers and even policemen. Not answering the question whether a w oman offering sex services in the street deserves being assaulted directly, most people do not care much of destiny of street workers and prefer to ignore the existing problem. Rooted deep in the cultural beliefs on feminine victimization, social realities of disparity between the salaries of men and women and the legal framework criminalizing the sex industry or not giving it serious consideration, the problem of the increased vulnerability of street workers cannot be regulated through imposing certain policy measures only. Undergoing the influence of the normative ideas about appropriate gender roles, the social and criminal justice responses to sex work diminish the basic human and civil rights of street workers, exposing them to the increased risks of moral and physical assault. Discourse of feminine victimization The feminist scholars claim that the attribution of the sexualized meanings to the corporeality of women within the legal discourse is the main precondition for silenc ing women’s problems and establishing the philosophy of female victimization in the public consciousness. The tendencies of silencing the problems of women in general and sexual workers in particular are rooted in the social and legal domains.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Smart (1990) noted that the legislative acts operate only partial and incorrect data on female reality and patriarchal relations, inadequately treating women’s experiences (p. 200). The legislative discourse reflects the one-sided interests of men, ignoring the real state of affairs in the community. For instance, the family law treats married women as men’s dependents though in fact they return to the labor market and contribute to the family budget. As it was cited in Binion (2002), Cornell (1998) noted that women’s legal identity is bound up with the social perspectives on t heir traditional roles of wives and mothers due to the community patriarchy (p. 174). In the context of phallocentric culture structured for complying with the needs of masculine imperative, the discrimination and inequality are the concepts becoming parts of not only superficial systems, including those of imposed by social and legal institutions, but also parts of the women’s unconscious and their gendered identity of victimization (Smart 1990, p. 202). Along with feminist approach, the problem of silencing the problem of violence towards the street workers requires adopting a humanist approach for considering the main preconditions for the occurrence of the problem and the tendency to ignore it. As it was cited in Quillen (2001), Nussbaum as the proponent of humanist feminism argued that the women’s dignity should be protected on the basis of equality of women as human beings without overemphasizing the gender-based differences (p. 92). There is evidence that prosti tution as one of the oldest professions has existed for at least 6 000 years since the human society was divided into different social classes and the patriarchal relations were established (Brown 2009). The existing legislative discourse and practices within which the cases of violence towards the street prostitutes are silenced and ignored are rooted in the patriarchal relations and social misconceptions concerning the sexual identity of a woman and the profession of a prostitute.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social and Criminal Justice Responses to Sex Work specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The instances of violence towards street workers Emphasizing the rising levels of street violence, the Australian media tends to silence the instances of violence towards the street prostitutes, not recognizing the rights of these women for the equal rights and safe working conditions due to their profession and social s tatus. The street prostitutes are one of the most disadvantaged social groups susceptible to victimization due to their social marginality and relative invisibility (Grattet Jenness 2001, p. 697). The main reasons for this vulnerability can be found not only in the consciousness of the criminals counting on the low degree to which the society and the criminal justice system care of what happens to a prostitute, but also in the legislative framework which allows considering a victim as unworthy of law enforcement. The accurate statistics of the instances of violence towards street workers is missing because women are frequently afraid of approaching the police because of the possible fines and the reasonable lack of belief into the police protection. Middendorp (2010) noted that in St Kilda which is recognized as the centre of the street sex work in Melbourne hardly a day can pass without a prostitute being robbed or seriously assaulted. Being the most visible manifestation of the p rostitution in the country, the street prostitutes count for not more than 2% of the industry but undergo additional risks due to their hazardous environment (Middendorp 2010). Most women working in the street are physically and/or socially disadvantaged because they are frequently homeless and suffering from mental illnesses, drug and alcohol addiction (Caiazza 2005, p. 1610; Cornell 1998, p. 46).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, the sex workers are frequently abused by their dysfunctional customers, and this circumstance further complicates the issue. There is also evidence that even policemen can handle women suspected of prostitution inappropriately (Brown Heidensohn 2000, p. 51). In general, the established patriarchal relations and the culture of feminine victimization preconditioned the dynamics of sex industry. As a rule, women rent their bodies for earning their living because due to their personal circumstances they cannot find another way for surviving. However, it is always demand that determines supply, and these are men accustomed to patriarchal relations, disrespecting women in general and prostitutes in the first place which makes them treat female bodies as commodities and hire them for satisfying their sexual needs. The debates of the ethical considerations of prostitution and its negative implications for the public morality resulted in criminalizing it and making the sex workers vulnerable and susceptible to assaults. Analyzing the cases of violence towards street workers which remain ignored, it can be stated that these are the public contempt and the criminal justice framework criminalizing their activities which undergo the influence of the normative ideas about appropriate gendered behavior of women and do not allow street prostitutes to speak out being assaulted and protect their rights. Facing the inevitable Taking into account the fact that the practices of criminalizing prostitution did not decrease the activities, but caused the violation of the basic human and civil rights of the street workers, it can be stated that disregard of the problem does not allow solving it. The rights of sex workers need to be protected like the rights of the workers of other industries. The assumption that street prostitution can be eliminated through appropriate policing is only a myth because the legal restrictions are unable to prevent the individuals from wanting to purchase sexual services (Middendorp 2010). Existing for at least 6000 years, prostitution can be possible only under the conditions of treating female bodies as commodities and general disparity between the incomes of men and women (Brown 2009). Thus, the gender-based ideology of feminine victimization and disrespect of female body are established deep in the public consciousness even though ignored due to ethical considerations, but cannot be solved through enforcing certain legal acts. Until recently, the conceptualization of sex industry was inevitably linked to raping, limiting the prostitutes’ opportunities for receiving the same protection in case of sexual assault as other women receive because it was hard to persuade the jury that a prostitute can be raped. Further complicating the issue, not only actual involvement into the sexual industry, but also prior history and even victim’s reputation could be taken into consideration by the jury. The situation chan ged only after the rape law reform taking place in late nineties when the admissibility of evidence exploring the individual’s sexual reputation in the course of the proceedings was limited (Sullivan 2007, p. 132). Additional factors contributing to the changes in the existing legislative framework include the rise of the feminist activism and the shifts in the public attitudes towards rape and prostitution. A clear understanding of the dynamics of industry and the main underlying causes of the problem were necessary for making the first steps in transforming the existing legislative framework from victimization towards criminal defense (Westervelt 1998, p. 2). The phenomenon of sexual services in general and the street workers in particular should not be regarded as the consequence of women’s sexual liberation, but should rather be treated as one of professions, and the civic and labor rights of its representatives need to be observed as well as the rights of people w orking in other spheres. Social response to violence towards street workers in Australia As to the legislative system of Australia, the problem of criminalization of sex work is solved differently in different states. Prostitution is regarded as illegal activity in SA, Western Australia and Tasmania, but is legalized in NSW. There are certain licensing programs regulating sex work in Queensland, Victoria and ACT (Kelton Swallow 2011). The activities of public organizations play an important role in changing the Australian legislative acts and practices concerning the protection of street workers from violence and assaults. For example, in May 2011 about 50 people organized a rally near the Parliament House at South Australia, demanding the decriminalization of all types of sex work and services in South Australia (Kelton Swallow 2011). Considering the sex services as illegal, the legislative bodies diminish the rights of sex workers significantly. Claiming that the current legisla tion on sex services bound by acts from 1930s to 1950s is outdated, Ari Reid, the manager of the Sex Industry Network admitted that the current legislation has to be reformed and Labor MP Stephanie Key was intended to introduce a bill into the Parliament for decriminalizing sex industry in SA (Kelton Swallow 2011). The main features to be considered in the enforcement of the bill include ensuring the equal rights and responsibilities for sex workers and separating brothels and centers of street workers from schools and places of worship (Kelton 2011). Criminal justice response to violence towards street workers in Australia As to Victoria, where the licensing programs are intended to control sex industry, the regulation is performed in accordance with legislative acts and laws. Victorian legislation contains the following legal documents aimed at regulating sex workers’ behaviour, Sex Work Act 1994, Sex Work Regulations 2006, Sex Work (Fees) Regulations 2004, and Public Heal th and Wellbeing Act 2008. The main idea of these documents is to make the prostitution legal and safe profession. Sex Work Act (1994) is created with the purpose to control sex work in Victoria. The latest amendments were inserted on January 1, 2011. Sex Work Regulations document (2006), with amendments incorporated on December 1, 2010, is aimed at listing transmitted diseases and requirements imposed on those who work in the sex industry, implementing â€Å"safety matters relevant to the suitability of licence applicant† and â€Å"controls on the advertising by sex work service providers†, and informing about â€Å"participants to be given to the Authority by small owner-operated business† and â€Å"the form of registrar’s certificates† (p. 1). Sex Work (Fees) Regulations (2004) are aimed at prescribing fees which are to be paid in accordance with the central document, Sex Work Act (1994). Finally, the main purpose of Public Health and Wellbeing Act (2008) is to make sure that the citizens of Victoria are aware of the health issues which may cause great problems in the future. These legislative acts are aimed at helping people perceive the profession of sex workers and do not create them additional problems. The understanding from the side of the society may help reduce the rate of violent acts and prejudiced attitude in the relation to prostitutes. People should know that this profession is protected with the law. Analyzing the legal implications of the above-discussed acts, it can be stated that regardless of certain progress in regulating the sex industry which is made in Victoria as compared to other states where sex services are criminalized, there are certain inconsistencies in current regulations and further improvements are required for handling the existing problem of high rates of violence towards street workers. Conclusion The problem of the rising level of violence towards street sex workers has been silenced fo r a long period of time due to the legal framework criminalizing sex industry. Undergoing the influence of the normative ideas about appropriate gendered behaviour, the social and criminal justice responses to street workers were negative. The reputation or even suspicions of involvement into the sex industry could be regarded as evidence influencing the decision of the jury. The rise of the feminist movement and the public activity of sex workers struggling for their labour and civil rights have fostered the shifts in public consciousness and attitudes towards sex industry. The licensing programs controlling sex industry in Victoria can be regarded as a significant step forward on the way of decriminalizing the industry. However, particular inconsistencies which can still be found in the current legislative acts require further improvements of the legislative framework. Reference List Binion, G 2002, ‘Political Theory – At the Heart of Freedom: Feminism, Sex and Equali ty’ The American Political Science Review, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 174. Brown, J Heidensohn, F 2000, Gender and policing: comparative perspectives, Palgrave Macmillan, Prahran. Brown, V 2009, ‘Prostitution from the female viewpoint?’, Direct Action, iss. 10, http://directaction.org.au/issue10/prostitution_from_the_female_viewpoint Caiazza, A 2005, ‘Don’t bowl at night: gender, safety, and civic participation’, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 1607-1631. Cornell, D 1998, At the heart of freedom: feminism, sex, and equality, Princeton University Press, Princeton. Grattet, R Jeness, V 2001, ‘Examining the boundaries of hate crime law: disabilities and the dilemma of differences’, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, vol. 9, no. 13, pp. 653-698. Kelton, G Swallow, J 2011, ‘MP Steph Key pushes to decriminalise prostitution in SA’, Advertiser, 2 June, http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/ipad/ mp-steph-key-pushes-to-decriminalise-prostitution-in-sa/story-fn6bqpju-1226067458942 Kelton, G 2011, ‘Let’s give our sex workers modern rights’, Advertiser, 1 June, http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/mp-steph-key-pushes-to-decriminalise-prostitution-in-sa/story-e6frea6u-1226067513913 Middendorp, C 2010, ‘Is it OK to bash women if they are selling sex?’, Age, 16 March, http://www.theage.com.au/opinion/society-and-culture/is-it-ok-to-bash-women-if-they-are-selling-sex-20100315-q9le.html Public Health and Wellbeing Act 2008, no. 46, http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubStatbook.nsf/f932b66241ecf1b7ca256e92000e23be/8B1B293B576FE6B1CA2574B8001FDEB7/$FILE/08-46a.pdf Quillen, C 2001, ‘Feminist theory, justice, and the lure of the human’, Signs, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 87-122. Sex Work (Fees) Regulations 2004, version no. 003, S.R. no. 129, http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/LTObject_Store/LTObjSt5.nsf/d1a8d8a9b ed958efca25761600042ef5/19cc1369faeaf8acca2577d500172fd3/$FILE/04-129sr003.pdf Sex Work Act 1994, version no. 070, no. 102, http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/LTObject_Store/LTObjSt5.nsf/d1a8d8a9bed958efca25761600042ef5/4be4627049efa4d8ca25780a000faddf/$FILE/94-102A070bookmarked.pdf Sex Work Regulations 2006, version no. 010, S.R. no. 64, http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/LTObject_Store/LTObjSt5.nsf/DDE300B846EED9C7CA257616000A3571/E62748D19CA33839CA2577EC00718182/$FILE/06-64sr010.pdf Smart, C 1990, ‘Law’s Power, the Sexed Body, and Feminist Discourse’, Journal of Law and Society, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 194-210. Sullivan, B 2007, ‘Rape, Prostitution and Consent’, Australian New Zealand Journal of Criminology, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 127-142. Westervelt, SD 1998, Shifting the blame: how victimization became a criminal defense, Rutgers University Press, Piscataway. This essay on Social and Criminal Justice Responses to Sex Work was written and submitted by user Santiago Franks to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Holding High Standards... The Power of Disaffirming

Holding High Standards... The Power of Disaffirming If you manage other people and you hold high standards for work product, you probably have encountered a situation or two where you have had to tell someone they did not do a good enough job. How do you feel when you face this type of situation? Do you feel bad about it afterward? Or do you feel empowered and like you made a positive difference in the world? I grew up thinking that if I corrected someone or disaffirmed them, I was being mean and overly critical. I still did it, but I felt self-critical more than anything else and made myself wrong for hurting others. I’ve been spending the better part of the last year becoming more comfortable with my opinions and with expressing them, even if I know someone might feel hurt. As the owner of a company who cares greatly about the quality of the work we put out, I have many opportunities to be honest with people about their writing. â€Å"Behind the scenes† at the Essay Expert, I work with a team of subcontractors and review their work before it goes out to a client. Sometimes the first drafts that come to me do not meet my standards. And The Essay Expert’s clients count on my high standards. Last week, I faced two situations that inspired me to write about the power of disaffirmation in creating results and even cultivating relationships. In one, I received a draft of a LinkedIn summary from one of my writers that I felt didn’t hit the mark. There was time for me to have a quick call with him and steer him in the right direction. I told him what didn’t work about what he wrote and gave him some different ideas of how to approach the project. The second draft was brilliant and here’s what the client, who lives in Switzerland, had to say: â€Å"Thank you so much for sending the draft. I cannot put my first reaction into words (not even in German) in the very best meaning of the word!† If I had been shy about issuing corrections, I would not have had such a happy client. Because I disaffirmed the writer, he learned about how to write for a new type of client and both of us got to feel great about the client’s response. In another situation, an editor took 5 hours to edit a document that would have taken me 3. Not only that, but she sent it to me an hour late and failed to correct some glaring errors in the document. I spent 2 hours editing the document before sending it to the client- 1 hour more than I would have spent if I had edited it myself. Again, my disaffirming power sprang into action. I very directly told her about the problems I saw and what I was prepared to pay her for her work. We ultimately reached an agreement and parted amicably. Sometimes when I work with someone on a project like a law school admissions essay, the applicant tells me not to hold back with my criticism. I laugh when they make this request – I have no problem telling it like I see it! But when it comes to critiquing in a managerial role, I’ve historically had a more difficult time. The greatest part about these two recent experiences to me is that I felt strong and good about myself even though I had criticized people I am managing. I’ve been learning a lot about stepping into a managerial role in a powerful way. Sometimes disaffirmation can hurt both the recipient and me- but what hurts more is compromising on what I know is right, or on the quality of the work my business produces. Ultimately I am somewhat of a mama bear, willing to growl a bit in order to provide a top product to my clients. I will take strong action, give direct feedback, and use the power of disaffirmation if that’s what it takes to run a successful and well-respected business. If you are in a managerial position, how do you express your criticism? How do you handle it when someone fails to come through in the way you expect? Are you willing to talk straight to people? And how do you feel when you don’t? And what’s the bigger goal that inspires you to take the actions you take?